I saw a collection of 5 Brigitte Bardot films in Barnes & Noble bookstore priced at $39.99. I didn't buy it, but I was glad to see that the French seem to be waking up to the possibility of exploiting their copyrights in the U.S. market in an attractively-packaged, competitively-priced way.
The United States has historically viewed French copyrights with suspicion. French laws have always included bells and whistles denied to our local authors and creators. They offend our puritan values by protecting frivolous things like fashion designs, designers, and the "moral rights" of artists and authors to the "integrity" of their works. Blank cassette tapes were taxed and rights paid to musicians' collecting societies because music would be copied to them without paying additional royalties.
But banish the thought that such prejudice prevails in Gotham: the Second Circuit is hip to French law. In Sarl Louis Feraud International v. Viewfinder, Inc., 489 F.3d 474 (2d Cir. 2007), the Second Circuit considered a situation where the district court threw out a French judgment without even looking at what the French law was. Neither the appellate nor the respondent briefed the Second Circuit on what French law it was that the district court found unconstitutional. The case involved a U.S. company that published photographs of French fashion designs on the internet. The U.S. company permitted a French judgment to be entered against it. The French court ordered a fine of 50,000 francs per day (France converted to the Euro on January 1, 2002). In the Southern District of New York, the Defendant succeeded in dismissing an action to enforce the French judgment.
The defendant, whose burden it was to show that the French law was repugnant to the law of the State of New York argued "there is simply no way for this Court to know what substantive law was actually applied in France and on what ground Defendant was found liable."
The court looked at the default judgment, which cites the French Intellectual Property Code. It then apparently sua sponte hopped onto the internet, and found the French Civil Code at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/. It then cited:
Article L122-4 Any complete or partial performance or reproduction made without the consent of the author or of his successors in title or assigns shall be unlawful. The same shall apply to translation, adaptation or transformation, arrangement or reproduction by any technique or process whatsoever.
Sacre bleu! Quel horreur! That certainly sounds repugnant. It took me some navigation on the French government website, but sure enough, after pressing the little British flag buttons under "Droit Francais" and next to "Les Codes" and drilling down FIVE levels, I too, found the provision under the rubric "Patrimonial Rights" in English
But then the court cited another French Civil Code that has an odeur of "fair use":
Article L122-5 Once a work has been disclosed, the author may not prohibit: 1°. private and gratuitous performances carried out exclusively within the family circle; 2°. copies or reproductions reserved strictly for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use, with the exception of copies of works of art to be used for purposes identical with those for which the original work was created and copies of software other than backup copies made in accordance with paragraph II of Article L. 122-6-1, as well as copies or reproductions of an electronic database; 3°. on condition that the name of the author and the source are clearly stated: a) analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, educational, scientific or informatory nature of the work in which they are incorporated; b) press reviews; c) dissemination, even in their entirety, through the press or by broadcasting, as current news, of speeches intended for the public made in political, administrative, judicial or academic gatherings, as well as in public meetings of a political nature and at official ceremonies; d) complete or partial reproductions of works of graphic or three-dimensional art intended to appear in the catalogue of a judicial sale held in France, in the form of the copies of the said catalogue made available to the public prior to the sale for the sole purpose of describing the works of art offered for sale. A decree by the Conseil d’Etat shall determine the characteristics of the documents and the conditions governing their distribution. 4°. parody, pastiche and caricature, observing the rules of the genre. 5°. acts necessary to access the contents of an electronic database for the purposes of and within the limits of the use provided by contract.
Can a court just hop on the internet and figure out the law of another country sua sponte? It seems un-American and likely to start a riot in Congress among the Freedom Fries crowd. The answer is yes. Although the Second Circuit didn't cite Rule 44.1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, it provides:
Rule 44.1. Determination of Foreign Law. A party who intends to raise an issue concerning the law of a foreign country shall give notice by pleadings or other reasonable written notice. The court, in determining foreign law, may consider any relevant material or source, including testimony, whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence. The court's determination shall be treated as a ruling on a question of law.
The Second Circuit agreed with the lower court's finding that copyright laws are "not matters of strong moral principle". But on the record before it, the court did not see a finding that the French law was "vicious wicked or immoral, and shocking to the prevailing moral sense."
The Second Circuit remanded for an analysis of "whether the intellectual property regime upon which the French Judgments were based impinged on rights protected by the First Amendment." Analogizing to libel judgments, the court held:
In deciding whether the French Judgments are repugnant to the public policy of New York, the district court should first determine the level of First Amendment protection required by New York public policy when a news organization engages in the unauthorized use of intellectual property at issue here. Then, it should determine whether the French intellectual property regime provides comparable protections.
The court noted that the fair use doctrine is coextensive with the First Amendment, and that the district court would have to determine whether the Defendant's use fell within the fair use doctrine as set forth in 17 U.S.C. 107.
1 comment:
Here's a question for you: The import company I work for recently came upon the idea of buying old (as in what we might qualify as antique), but well-preserved French postcards, enlarging them and selling them as reproductions. We didn't think about copyright laws because, as I said, they were very old. Some of them are early 1900's. I had a retailer call this morning asking about the copyright issue. Since these postcards are originally from France, I thought I'd try to look up the French copyright law. What I can find applies to authors. Would this alos apply to artists and their works, especially of such things as postcards?
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