Showing posts with label dmca safe harbor. Show all posts
Showing posts with label dmca safe harbor. Show all posts

Friday, August 09, 2013

Copyright Law - Seventh Circuit - Posner Delves Into Bookmarking Homoerotica

Copyright Infringement, Contributory Copyright Infringement, Preliminary Injunction, DMCA Safe Harbor, Social Bookmarking

Flava Works, Inc. v. Gunter, 689 F.3d 754 (7th Cir. August 2, 2012)(Posner, J.).  This appeal concerned a preliminary injunction issued against a social networking site called “My Vidster”.  Plaintiff Flava is a producer of videos of men engaged in homosexual acts.  My Vidster permitted users of its service to “bookmark” videos that were behind Flava’s paywall or that had been downloaded by an authorized Flava user and then uploaded to another server.   The Seventh Circuit clarified that it would adopt the Supreme Court’s eBay Inc. v. MercExchange standard for preliminary injunctions in patent law cases.  Accordingly, the Seventh Circuit will no longer presume irreparable harm in considering preliminary injunctive relief in cases where copyright infringement is shown.  As is his wont, Judge Posner delves deeply into the issue of whether My Vidster can be said to be a contributory infringer by making it possible for one person to bookmark a video and concludes that the evidence is not sufficient.    The opinion has a good discussion of the distinction between copying – something Flava was not alleged to have done – and “facilitating a public performance”.  An important opinion to read because of the important debate over which players on the internet should have “safe harbor” protection under the Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) and which players ought to be more heavily involved in policing content.  Courts adopting the eBay standard will be more skeptical, as Judge Posner is, to claims of massive copyright infringement that are not backed up by solid evidence.


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Thursday, March 31, 2011

Photobucket Not Required To Actively Police Site For Infringements


Photobucket - 8 billion photos online

In Wolk v. Kodak Imaging Network Inc., 10 Civ. 4135 (RWS) (SDNY March 17, 2011), Judge Robert Sweet found that Photobucket, an internet service provider, was protected by the "safe harbor" provisions of the Digital Millenium Copyright Act ("DMCA"). 17 USC 512(c).

Essentially, the DMCA requires an internet service provider ("ISP") to set up policies to respond to complaints from copyright owners when a third party stores infringing materials on their site.   The complaints, or takedown notices, must specifically inform the ISP where the infringing material is.



Photographer Sheila Wolk sent numerous takedown notices to Photobucket.  Her images, excerpted above from her website, are unusual and distinctive.  All infringing materials that she specifically identified were removed.   But the infringements kept popping up and Wolk got fed up and sought an injunction.

Judge Sweet's decision denied Wolk's application and her attempt to force Photobucket to install an electronic fingerprinting system to catch infringers.

Professor Eric Goldman warns copyright owners against being lazy in sending out takedown notices here, Marty Schwimmer's Trademark Blog is skeptical about Photobucket's alleged inability to screen its content here.


Wolk v Photobucket

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Thursday, June 24, 2010

SDNY: YouTube Granted Summary Judgment on Copyright Infringement - No Contributory Liability

In Viacom Int'l Inc. v. YouTube Inc., 07 Civ. 2103 (June 23, 2010 SDNY), Judge Stanton granted summary judgment dismissing contributory copyright infringement claims against YouTube and upheld the safe harbor provisions of the Digital Millenium Copyright Act, 17 USC 512(c) for internet service providers (ISPs).   This was so, even though, as Judge Stanton noted:

From plaintiffs’ submissions on the motions, a jury could find that the defendants not only were generally aware of, but welcomed, copyright-infringing material being placed on their website. Such material was attractive to users, whose increased usage enhanced defendants’ income from advertisements displayed on certain pages of the website, with no discrimination between infringing and non-infringing content.

At issue in the case is who bears the burden of policing for copyright infringements.  Do copyright owners bear the cost, or do ISP's have to act as cops?

In analyzing the legislative history of the DMCA safe harbor provisions, Judge Stanton noted:

The tenor of the foregoing provisions is that the phrases “actual knowledge that the material or an activity” is infringing, and “facts or circumstances” indicating infringing activity, describe knowledge of specific and identifiable infringements of particular individual items. Mere knowledge of prevalence of such activity in general is not enough. That is consistent with an area of the law devoted to protection of distinctive individual works, not of libraries. To let knowledge of a generalized practice of infringement in the industry, or of a proclivity of users to post infringing materials, impose responsibility on service providers to discover which of their users’ postings infringe a copyright would contravene the structure and operation of the DMCA.

Judge Stanton appeared to be impressed that when Viacom gathered evidence of 100,000 infringing videos and sent a massive takedown notice, YouTube had the videos taken down by the next day.

I discuss Cease and Desist Letters and Declaratory Judgment Actions in Chapter 6 of my Copyright Litigation Handbook.   In Chapter 7, Drafting the Infringement Complaint, I deal with Internet Service Providers.  There is a growing body of case law saying that you have to be pretty specific with your takedown notices and follow the rules in order to trigger liability of an ISP.

In Viacom v YouTube, Judge Stanton notes that providing the URL (uniform resource locator) of the infringement is the type of information that would comply with the specificity required of a takedown notice.

Opinion below:

Viacom v YouTube


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